Secondary Traumatic Stress Could Be Impacting More People Than We Know

Just a few weeks ago at the War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock, Arkansas there were loud noises that led to a panic at a high school football game. The immediate assumption was that the noise was gunfire. Thousands of scared fans flooded the stadium exits. It turned out that the noises were due to a fight, falling barricades and the firing of a stun gun which prompted the crowd of more than 38,000 fans to run.

Due to the continuity of mass shootings, people are on high alert. Our sense of security has been threatened and people are much quicker to assume that something dangerous is happening. There are numerous examples of the flight or fight stress response kicking in as a result of a loud noise in public places.

After so much graphic coverage on social media and the news following each real shooting event, it’s easy to understand why people are feeling anxious, fearful and generally more on edge.

This is called “secondary traumatic stress” and it’s a growing issue that we need to pay close attention to.

Jorina Elbers, MD is the program director for the Trauma Relief Project at the HeatMath Institute. She explains what secondary traumatic stress is and what signs we should look for.

“Secondary traumatic stress can occur when events undermine our sense of safety and security, and activate the body’s stress response over and over again.

“By definition, it does not require direct exposure to the event, just the perceived threat that it could happen again, at any time. Similar to post-traumatic stress disorder, although not as intense, secondary traumatic stress takes a toll on our emotional and physical health. In my clinic I have observed how chronic stress and trauma lead not only to mental health issues, but also to physical health issues. Chronic pain, dizziness, and digestive problems can occur.”

It’s important not to ignore the signs of secondary traumatic stress as it can increase the risk of future physical and mental health problems or substance abuse.


These may include persistent symptoms of hyperarousal or hypoarousal:

Hyperarousal

Intrusive thoughts
Hypervigilance
Anxiety
Fearfulness
Exaggerated startle response
Irritability
Anger/rage
Panic attacks
Difficulty falling asleep

Hypoarousal

Poor concentration
Depression
Emotional detachment
Chronic fatigue
Avoidance
Social disconnection

What should you do if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of secondary traumatic stress?

Dr. Elbers offers a few suggestions that may provide some relief:

  1. Minimize your exposure to news stories, social media, video and images that provoke fear and anxiety.
  2. Get regular physical activity. A stressed body carries a lot of extra energy that needs to be discharged. Exertional exercise can help to release excess energy, improve sleep, and release endorphins in the body that help you feel good.
  3. Practice breathing a little slower and deeper than you’re used to breathing. Slow deep breathing calms the fear center in the brain that activates the stress response. This is a simple, yet powerful tool – the more you do it, the more it can help.
  4. Stay connected to family and friends. We are a tribal species, and naturally feel safer around people whom we are close to. Secure attachment releases oxytocin which makes us feel good and activates the vagus nerve which helps to keep us healthy.
  5. Make time every morning and/or evening to meditate and focus on things you are grateful for. This helps to deactivate the body’s stress response and reduce stress hormones that can negatively affect the brain and body.
  6. If symptoms are interfering with your daily activities, seek professional advice. Working with a counselor or therapist can help you or a loved one develop effective coping strategies.

While we cannot always control what happens in our lives, we can control our response to stressful events and how much we allow worry and fearful thoughts to occupy our mind. Transforming Anxiety: The HeartMath Solution for Overcoming Fear and Worry and Creating Serenity can be a helpful resource and starting point for learning techniques that can help to calm a worried and overactive mind.

Dr. Jorina Elbers is a pediatric neurologist who trained at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, and was an assistant professor at Stanford University for the last 6 years. She now works for the HeartMath Institute and in private practice in Central California.

Results-oriented approach improves employee job satisfaction

Researchers at the University of Minnesota recently conducted a study wherein several units of a national business implemented a program called Results Only Work Environment (ROWE).

The system entailed refocusing staff and managers on measurable outcomes as well as allowing employees to create their own schedules and choose where they would work.

“With these changes in the workplace, employees gained control over the time and timing of their work in ways that benefited them and, by extension, their families and communities,” said co-author Erin Kelly.

The research showed that when managers relinquished control over scheduling, the turnover during the eight-month trial period was just 6 percent, compared to 11 percent of the business units that did not implement ROWE.

While some employers may believe that flexible scheduling is only important to employees with children, it was shown that the program was beneficial for all workers, regardless of gender, age, position, income or perception of job security.

A full inbox may exacerbate stress in the workplace

Employees and supervisors alike have a tendency to be distracted or stressed out due to excessive or poorly worded emails from coworkers, according to a recent article on DynamicBusiness.com.

Electronic communication has become so prevalent in the modern workplace – and use has been accelerated even more by the ubiquitous Blackberry and iPhone – that it has become the first mode that individuals turn to when they have a problem or query.

Paradoxically, the more emails we get, the more we ignore and information ends up getting lost in translation.

“Poorly worded emails, along with the expectation that the receiver responds immediately, are causes of increased workplace stress. This situation has led to email being named the third major reason for workplace stress, behind organizational change and competing deadlines,” said Greg Crowther, a supervisor at Australia-based consulting firm Callidus Partners, quoted by the source.

People-Communicating.com recommends keeping emails succinct, and saving more in-depth questions or issues until there is a chance to speak in person. Also, try not to get carried away by copying every relevant person on an email, include only those who are absolutely necessary. Finally, the website recommends proofreading communication before hitting send to avoid typos or superfluous information.

Employee wellness programs that include resources for stress management may also be a useful distraction for workers who become overwhelmed by their inboxes.

Compassionate managers may help reduce workplace tension

In a study of about 200 employees who had witnessed an angry outburst from another worker in the past, it was found that supervisors who reacted with compassion achieved better results overall than those who simply fired the hot-tempered individual, according to researchers at Temple University Fox School of Business.

The team of scientists theorized that managers who did not sanction the employee took actions to solve the initial problem, and took into consideration that they may have played a role in the worker’s anger.

“Some of the most transformational conversations come about through expressed anger,” said lead author Deanna Geddes.

She added that even one act of understanding on the part of a manager had potential to lead to reduced workplace stress.

These findings suggest that interventions like employee wellness programs may be the simple step needed to control aggression in the workplace. If workers are made to feel valued and given the appropriate tools and resources to manage stress, it may help reduce instances of outbursts and strengthen employee performance.

Some things you may not know about stress

In honor of Stress Awareness Month, researchers and experts at HeartMath have compiled five little-known facts about anxiety and how it may affect physical health and decision-making skills.

Even minor stress has the ability to cause a rush of 1,400 biochemical events in the body. This may lead to early age-related decline and impaired cognition, as well as lack of energy and lucidity.

Moreover, stress has the ability to cause ‘cortical inhibition’ in the brains of affected individuals. This diminishes a person’s capacity to reason and make good decisions, and may lead to mistakes in the workplace.

Some people are so stressed that they don’t even realize that they’re stressed. When tension becomes so common that an individual becomes accustomed to feelings of anxiousness, the health effects can build up and lead to a more serious illness.

Fortunately, it’s possible for people to put their bodies and minds at ease through stress management techniques. Research has shown time and again that responses to stress can be diminished by simple solutions.

Additionally, it’s always best to deal with stressors right away. It may be too late to reverse the effects of stress if one waits until the weekend to take the time to relax.

In light of these facts, it may be a good idea for employers to consider implementing employee wellness programs to reduce workplace stress and improve their staff’s health and well-being.

Hitting the gym may help reverse stress-related aging

Past research has shown that chronic stress has the physiological effect of shortening telomeres, which are small pieces of DNA that protect chromosomes from degrading.

Now, a team of researchers at the University of California has discovered that even moderate amounts of physical exercise may protect these important pieces of DNA.

“Telomere length is increasingly considered a biological marker of the accumulated wear and tear of living, integrating genetic influences, lifestyle behaviors and stress,” said Elissa Epel, Ph.D., study co-author.

The team tested their theories on a group of 62 post-menopausal women who were enduring the stress of caring for an ill loved one. They reported their physical activity and perceived stress at the end of each day, then researchers examined the immune cells in blood samples from the participants.

They found that while stress did degrade telomeres in the more sedentary women, the individuals who regularly stayed active retained the integrity of their DNA.

Results of this study suggest that workplace stress may be effectively reduced when a staff is motivated to get active. Employee wellness programs that encourage exercise may help aid employers in achieving a healthier workforce.

Experts offer tips during Stress Awareness Month

On the Huffington Post’s Living blog, author and stress-management expert Carol J. Scott offered some tips and techniques to help individuals bounce back from stress.

Scott cited a recent study which suggests that managing anxiety may lead to better outcomes following prostate surgery. She said that extensive research supports the idea that a positive attitude can lead to faster recovery from medical operations.

The expert said that the road to a calm mind is strategic, and that one must take into consideration emotional, physical, psychological, behavioral and biological aspects to achieve balance.

The Texas Medical Association (TMA) reported that stressed individuals should keep their problems in perspective and not view them as being insurmountable. Additionally, the organization reminded people that challenges are a part of life. Individuals always have the ability to make decisions to remove themselves from intolerable sources of stress, according to the TMA.

Employers concerned about stress during April, which is marked as Stress Awareness Month, may want to consider employee wellness programs, such as Revitalize You! by Heart Math. The program integrates e-learning with a personal stress relieving device called the emWave.

Employee wellness programs benefit small businesses, too

Programs aimed at improving employee health and well-being are common in large corporations. However, a new study suggests that small businesses can reap the benefits as well.

Researchers evaluated the best practices of a small Nebraska company’s wellness program, which included health awareness as well as encouraging personal responsibility, physical activity, a healthy diet and community involvement. Additionally, the company focused on fostering job satisfaction.

The team of researchers from the Health Enhancement Research Organization found that 99 percent of the company’s employees attended health screenings, and many took advantage of the wellness programs provided. Previous evaluations of the small business revealed that it had lower instances of employee tobacco use, reduced workers’ compensation costs and lower-than-average healthcare expenditures.

“These findings clearly indicate the dramatic consequences that small employer wellness programs can have on multiple domains of well-being, such as physical health, emotional health and healthy behaviors of employees,” said James E. Pope M.D., co-author of the study.

Results of the study suggest that the initial investment of implementing an employee wellness program may be worth it – even when the business is small.

Effects of bullying on the brain identified

It doesn’t take a scientist to know that bullying can lead to stress and social anxiety. But researchers at Rockefeller University have recently discovered what exactly happens in the brain when an individual is intimidated.

After small, young mice had been placed in the presence of older, more aggressive rodents, the newcomers were forced to battle it out with the murine bullies. After placing the victims back into a normal social situation, the team of scientists examined the brain activity in the youngsters.

They found that the intimidation led to an increased sensitivity to a hormone associated with elevated levels of stress. This especially affected the amygdala, a region in the brain associated with emotion.

“We found that chronic social stress affects neuroendocrine systems that are paramount for adaptive mammalian social behaviors such as courtship, pair-bonding and parental behaviors,” says Yoav Litvin, lead researcher.

Authors of the study noted that such changes may lead to other serious disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia.

Stress sets off a chain reaction of illnesses

The Mayo Clinic reports that chronic stress may lead to mental disorders like depression. Now, a new study suggests that untreated depression may cause a weakened immune system, which can mean an increased risk of a whole slew of diseases.

University of California, San Francisco researchers conducted a clinical trial which reveals that people with major depressive disorder who do not seek treatment may have shortened DNA sections called telomeres. The degradation of these complexes has been linked to an early onset of age-related decline.

“As if feeling depressed is not bad enough, we are finding that long-term depression may be associated with damage to cells in the body, and this may predispose patients to certain physical diseases,” said lead author Owen Wolkowitz, M.D.

Authors note that the good news is that healthy lifestyle interventions – like changes in diet and increase in physical activity – have the ability to strengthen telomeres.